ROSENTHAL EFFECT
The Pygmalion effect, or
Rosenthal effect, is the phenomenon whereby higher expectations lead to an
increase in performance. The effect is named after the Greek myth of Pygmalion,
a sculptor who fell in love with a statue he had carved (retrieved from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmalion_effect)
The work of Rosenthal and
Jacobsen (1968), among others, shows that teacher expectations influence
student performance. Positive expectations influence performance positively,
and negative expectations influence performance negatively. Rosenthal and
Jacobson originally described the phenomenon as the Pygmalion Effect.
“When we expect certain behaviors
of others, we are likely to act in ways that make the expected behavior more
likely to occur.” (Rosenthal and Babad, 1985)
In terms of teaching, faculty who
gripe about students establish a climate of failure, but faculty who value
their students’ abilities create a climate of success. What kind of learning
climate are you creating through your expectations?
retrived from:http://www.duq.edu/about/centers-and-institutes/center-for-teaching-excellence/teaching-and-learning/pygmalion
JOHN HENRY EFFECT
The John Henry effect is an
experimental bias introduced into social experiments by reactive behavior by
the control group.
In a controlled social experiment
if a control is aware of their status as members of the control group and is
able to compare their performance with that of the treatment group, members of
the control group may actively work harder to overcome the
"disadvantage" of being in the control group.
For example, if in an educational
trial where the school classes who are in the treatment receive an extra
support teacher, students who are in the control group may be induced to work
harder to overcome that disadvantage.
The term was first used by Gary
Saretsky (1972) to describe the behavior of John Henry, a legendary American
steel driver in the 1870s who, when he heard his output was being compared with
that of a steam drill, worked so hard to outperform the machine that he died in
the process.
retrived from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_effect
retrived from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_effect
HAWTHORNE EFFECT
The Hawthorne Effect refers to
the fact that people will modify their behavior simply because they are being
observed. The effect gets its name from one of the most famous industrial
history experiments that took place at Western Electric’s factory in the
Hawthorne suburb of Chicago in the late 1920s and early 1930s. However,
subsequent analysis on the effect by University of Chicago economists in 2009
revealed that the original results were likely overstated.