1. Overexploitation of Natural Resources
Continuous harvesting of preferred tree species, such as narra, molave, and dipterocarps, for construction, furniture, and handicrafts has led to population decline and habitat loss. This is amplified by population growth and market demand.
Example: The harvesting of narra trees in the ancestral lands of the Tagbanua in Palawan has impacted both biodiversity and cultural traditions.
2. Land Use Alteration for Agriculture
Forests are often cleared for upland farming, including slash-and-burn methods. While traditional practices allowed natural regeneration, increased clearing without rest periods disrupts ecological succession.
Example: In parts of the Cordillera, expanding agricultural plots have fragmented mossy forest habitats vital for endemic bird species.
3. Forest Fires from Agricultural Clearing
Fires may unintentionally spread during land clearing, especially during dry months. These fires harm species in grasslands and young forest stands undergoing recovery.
Example: Forest fire outbreaks in Bukidnon have affected ancestral land areas of the Talaandig and damaged key seedling zones.
4. Limited Knowledge of Biodiversity’s Global Role
Some community members are more aware of biodiversity’s local uses than its broader ecological functions (e.g., carbon sequestration, climate regulation). Information campaigns exist but often lack reach and depth.
Example: A study in Bicol revealed that fewer than half of surveyed upland farmers could identify biodiversity's role in flood and climate resilience.
5. Weak Capacity of Barangay Governance
Local officials often lack the budget, training, and manpower to enforce biodiversity laws, even when policies are in place at national or regional levels.
Example: In Mindoro, environmental ordinances protecting tamaraw habitats remain unimplemented due to staffing and logistical constraints.
6. Absence of Sustainable Livelihoods
Without reliable income sources, many residents rely on forest resources for food, fuel, and cash crops, leading to pressure on flora and fauna.
Example: Communities near Mt. Hamiguitan have begun ecotourism and agroforestry programs to reduce dependency on extraction.